This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers. The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values – a range with clearly defined and finite upper and lower boundaries – roughly signifying what might otherwise be communicated by the word "through" in American English, or "to" in International English. to compound compund attributes-where one of the connected items is itself a compound.to contrast values or illustrate a relationship between two things.to connect symmetric items, such as the two ends of a range or two competitors or alternatives.The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the upper-case letters N and M, respectively, Īnd at other times to the widths of the lower-case letters. In modern fonts, the length of the en dash is not standardized, and the en dash is often more than half the width of the em dash. The en dash, en rule, or nut dash – is traditionally half the width of an em dash. The Linux Libertine font also has the figure dash glyph. In TeX, the standard fonts have no figure dash however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be a substitution for the figure dash. In informal usage, the hyphen-minus - ( U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS), provided as standard on most keyboards, is often used instead of the figure dash.
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The minus sign − ( U+2212 − MINUS SIGN) glyph is generally set a little higher, so as to be level with the horizontal bar of the plus sign. In contrast, the en dash – ( U+2013 – EN DASH) is generally used for a range of values. ) It is used within numbers such as the phone number 555‒0199, especially in columns so as to maintain alignment. The figure dash ‒ ( U+2012 ‒ FIGURE DASH) has the same width as a numerical digit.
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The autocorrection facility of word-processing software often corrects these to the typographically correct form of dash. In informal contexts, a hyphen-minus ( -) is often used as a substitute for an en dash, as is a pair of hyphen-minuses ( -) for an em dash, because the hyphen-minus symbol is readily available on most keyboards.A horizontal bar (also called quotation dash) or the em dash, but not the en dash, introduces quoted text.The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was fought in western Pennsylvania and along the present US–Canada border An en dash, but not an em dash, indicates spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through".Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons – his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded.Ī flock of sparrows – some of them juveniles – alighted and sang. Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons-his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded.Ī flock of sparrows-some of them juveniles-alighted and sang. An (unspaced) em dash or a spaced en dash can be used to mark a break in a sentence, and a pair can be used to set off a parenthetical statement.Usage varies both within English and within other languages, but the usual conventions for the most common dashes in printed English text are these: To scratch your Head, and bite your Nails. In 1733, in Jonathan Swift's On Poetry, the terms break and dash are attested for ⸺ and - marks:
The dashes are variously longer ⸺ (as in King Lear reprinted 1619) or composed of hyphens - (as in Othello printed 1622) moreover, the dashes are often, but not always, prefixed by a comma, colon, or semicolon.
In the early 17th century, in Okes-printed plays of William Shakespeare, dashes are attested that indicate a thinking pause, interruption, mid-speech realization, or change of subject. The most common versions are the en dash –, generally longer than the hyphen but shorter than the minus sign the em dash -, longer than either the en dash or the minus sign and the horizontal bar ―, whose length varies across typefaces but tends to be between those of the en and em dashes. It is similar in appearance to the hyphen but is longer and sometimes higher from the baseline. The dash is a punctuation mark consisting of a long horizontal line.
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